{"wikiid":649148,"langid":"en","namespace":"CATEGORY","title":"Radar System","revisionid":1472492,"contents_raw":"== Background Information ==\n\nRadio Detection and Ranging Systems, commonly referred to as RADAR, are remote sensing technologies that employ radio waves to ascertain the distance, direction, and velocity of an object. Developed during World War II by the United States Navy, RADAR continues to be employed in various applications, including tracking aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and geological terrain.\n\n=== Early History ===\n\n==== 1886\u20131931 ====\n\nIn 1886, German physicist Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that radio waves could be reflected from solid objects, marking the earliest step toward radar technology. In 1895, Alexander Popov, an instructor at the Imperial Russian Navy school in Kronstadt, developed a coherer-based device to detect distant lightning strikes, and in 1896 added a spark-gap transmitter. While testing ship-to-ship communications in 1897, Popov observed an interference beat caused by a passing vessel and suggested it could be used for detection, though he did not pursue the idea further. In 1904, Christian H\u00fclsmeyer created the ''telemobiloscope'', capable of detecting ships in fog and obtaining patents in Germany and Britain. Over the next decades, incremental discoveries were made: Robert Watson-Watt advanced storm detection for airmen in the 1910s and 1920s; U.S. Navy researchers A. Hoyt Taylor and Leo C. Young discovered in 1922 that passing ships caused radio signal fading; and British engineers W.A.S. Butement and P.E. Pollard built a pulsed 50 cm radar breadboard in 1931, with their work entered into the \u2018Royal Engineers\u2019 Inventions Book.\n\n==== 1934\u20131940 ====\n\nRadar development accelerated during the 1930s. In France, Maurice Ponte\u2019s team at CSF began work on obstacle-detection apparatus in 1934, installing early components on the ocean liner ''Normandie'' in 1935. In the Soviet Union, P.K. Oshchepkov and the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute created the RAPID system, detecting aircraft at 3 km, later leading to the RUS-1 and RUS-2 Redut radars. In the United States, Robert M. Page of the Naval Research Laboratory demonstrated the first pulsed radar in December 1934, and the U.S. Army soon tested a primitive surface-to-surface radar for searchlight guidance. Germany\u2019s Rudolf K\u00fchnhold and the GEMA company tested pulsed radar in 1935, followed closely by Robert Watson-Watt\u2019s successful Daventry Experiment in Britain, which led to government funding and the establishment of the Chain Home early warning network. By 1936, the first operational stations were active, and by 1940, the Chain Home system covered the entire United Kingdom, giving the RAF critical advance warning that proved pivotal in the Battle of Britain.\n\n==== 1940 Onward ====\n\nRadar, a British invention shared with the United States through the Tizard Mission, entered a new era of rapid wartime development starting in 1940. The cavity magnetron, a key component, ''enabled the creation of compact and high''-resolution radar systems. Speculative articles about radar\u2019s capabilities began to appear in magazines like ''Popular Science and Popular Mechanics'' in 1940 and 1941. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Robert Watson-Watt traveled to the United States to assist in air defense planning. Meanwhile, Alfred Lee Loomis led the establishment of the MIT Radiation Laboratory to develop microwave radar. Throughout World War II, radar technology underwent significant refinement, resulting in improved resolution, increased portability, and specialized applications such as night fighter interception, maritime patrol detection, and navigation aids like Oboe for RAF Pathfinders. By 1943, Robert M. Page\u2019s introduction of the monopulse technique further enhanced radar accuracy, solidifying its status as an indispensable tool for military operations and the foundation of postwar electronic detection systems.\n\n== Additional Information ==\n\n* [link|https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radar|Wikipedia Page on Radars]","contents_json":{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Background Information"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Radio Detection and Ranging Systems, commonly referred to as RADAR, are remote sensing technologies that employ radio waves to ascertain the distance, direction, and velocity of an object. Developed during World War II by the United States Navy, RADAR continues to be employed in various applications, including tracking aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and geological terrain."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Early History"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1886\u20131931"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"type":"text","text":"In 1886, German physicist Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that radio waves could be reflected from solid objects, marking the earliest step toward radar technology. In 1895, Alexander Popov, an instructor at the Imperial Russian Navy school in Kronstadt, developed a coherer-based device to detect distant lightning strikes, and in 1896 added a spark-gap transmitter. While testing ship-to-ship communications in 1897, Popov observed an interference beat caused by a passing vessel and suggested it could be used for detection, though he did not pursue the idea further. In 1904, Christian H\u00fclsmeyer created the "},{"type":"text","text":"telemobiloscope","marks":[{"type":"italic"}]},{"type":"text","text":", capable of detecting ships in fog and obtaining patents in Germany and Britain. Over the next decades, incremental discoveries were made: Robert Watson-Watt advanced storm detection for airmen in the 1910s and 1920s; U.S. Navy researchers A. Hoyt Taylor and Leo C. Young discovered in 1922 that passing ships caused radio signal fading; and British engineers W.A.S. Butement and P.E. Pollard built a pulsed 50 cm radar breadboard in 1931, with their work entered into the \u2018Royal Engineers\u2019 Inventions Book."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1934\u20131940"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Radar development accelerated during the 1930s. In France, Maurice Ponte\u2019s team at CSF began work on obstacle-detection apparatus in 1934, installing early components on the ocean liner "},{"type":"text","text":"Normandie","marks":[{"type":"italic"}]},{"type":"text","text":" in 1935. In the Soviet Union, P.K. Oshchepkov and the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute created the RAPID system, detecting aircraft at 3 km, later leading to the RUS-1 and RUS-2 Redut radars. In the United States, Robert M. Page of the Naval Research Laboratory demonstrated the first pulsed radar in December 1934, and the U.S. Army soon tested a primitive surface-to-surface radar for searchlight guidance. Germany\u2019s Rudolf K\u00fchnhold and the GEMA company tested pulsed radar in 1935, followed closely by Robert Watson-Watt\u2019s successful Daventry Experiment in Britain, which led to government funding and the establishment of the Chain Home early warning network. By 1936, the first operational stations were active, and by 1940, the Chain Home system covered the entire United Kingdom, giving the RAF critical advance warning that proved pivotal in the Battle of Britain."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1940 Onward"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Radar, a British invention shared with the United States through the Tizard Mission, entered a new era of rapid wartime development starting in 1940. The cavity magnetron, a key component, "},{"type":"text","text":"enabled the creation of compact and high","marks":[{"type":"italic"}]},{"type":"text","text":"-resolution radar systems. Speculative articles about radar\u2019s capabilities began to appear in magazines like "},{"type":"text","text":"Popular Science and Popular Mechanics","marks":[{"type":"italic"}]},{"type":"text","text":" in 1940 and 1941. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Robert Watson-Watt traveled to the United States to assist in air defense planning. Meanwhile, Alfred Lee Loomis led the establishment of the MIT Radiation Laboratory to develop microwave radar. Throughout World War II, radar technology underwent significant refinement, resulting in improved resolution, increased portability, and specialized applications such as night fighter interception, maritime patrol detection, and navigation aids like Oboe for RAF Pathfinders. By 1943, Robert M. Page\u2019s introduction of the monopulse technique further enhanced radar accuracy, solidifying its status as an indispensable tool for military operations and the foundation of postwar electronic detection systems."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Additional Information"}]},{"type":"bulletList","attrs":[],"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radar","target":false}}],"text":"Wikipedia Page on Radars"}]}]}]}]},"contents_rendered":"
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Background Information<\/h2><\/div>\n\n

Radio Detection and Ranging Systems, commonly referred to as RADAR, are remote sensing technologies that employ radio waves to ascertain the distance, direction, and velocity of an object. Developed during World War II by the United States Navy, RADAR continues to be employed in various applications, including tracking aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and geological terrain.<\/p>\n\n

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Early History<\/h3><\/div>\n\n
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1886\u20131931<\/h4><\/div>\n\n

In 1886, German physicist Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that radio waves could be reflected from solid objects, marking the earliest step toward radar technology. In 1895, Alexander Popov, an instructor at the Imperial Russian Navy school in Kronstadt, developed a coherer-based device to detect distant lightning strikes, and in 1896 added a spark-gap transmitter. While testing ship-to-ship communications in 1897, Popov observed an interference beat caused by a passing vessel and suggested it could be used for detection, though he did not pursue the idea further. In 1904, Christian H\u00fclsmeyer created the telemobiloscope<\/em>, capable of detecting ships in fog and obtaining patents in Germany and Britain. Over the next decades, incremental discoveries were made: Robert Watson-Watt advanced storm detection for airmen in the 1910s and 1920s; U.S. Navy researchers A. Hoyt Taylor and Leo C. Young discovered in 1922 that passing ships caused radio signal fading; and British engineers W.A.S. Butement and P.E. Pollard built a pulsed 50 cm radar breadboard in 1931, with their work entered into the \u2018Royal Engineers\u2019 Inventions Book.<\/p>\n\n

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1934\u20131940<\/h4><\/div>\n\n

Radar development accelerated during the 1930s. In France, Maurice Ponte\u2019s team at CSF began work on obstacle-detection apparatus in 1934, installing early components on the ocean liner Normandie<\/em> in 1935. In the Soviet Union, P.K. Oshchepkov and the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute created the RAPID system, detecting aircraft at 3 km, later leading to the RUS-1 and RUS-2 Redut radars. In the United States, Robert M. Page of the Naval Research Laboratory demonstrated the first pulsed radar in December 1934, and the U.S. Army soon tested a primitive surface-to-surface radar for searchlight guidance. Germany\u2019s Rudolf K\u00fchnhold and the GEMA company tested pulsed radar in 1935, followed closely by Robert Watson-Watt\u2019s successful Daventry Experiment in Britain, which led to government funding and the establishment of the Chain Home early warning network. By 1936, the first operational stations were active, and by 1940, the Chain Home system covered the entire United Kingdom, giving the RAF critical advance warning that proved pivotal in the Battle of Britain.<\/p>\n\n

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1940 Onward<\/h4><\/div>\n\n

Radar, a British invention shared with the United States through the Tizard Mission, entered a new era of rapid wartime development starting in 1940. The cavity magnetron, a key component, enabled the creation of compact and high<\/em>-resolution radar systems. Speculative articles about radar\u2019s capabilities began to appear in magazines like Popular Science and Popular Mechanics<\/em> in 1940 and 1941. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Robert Watson-Watt traveled to the United States to assist in air defense planning. Meanwhile, Alfred Lee Loomis led the establishment of the MIT Radiation Laboratory to develop microwave radar. Throughout World War II, radar technology underwent significant refinement, resulting in improved resolution, increased portability, and specialized applications such as night fighter interception, maritime patrol detection, and navigation aids like Oboe for RAF Pathfinders. By 1943, Robert M. Page\u2019s introduction of the monopulse technique further enhanced radar accuracy, solidifying its status as an indispensable tool for military operations and the foundation of postwar electronic detection systems.<\/p>\n\n

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Additional Information<\/h2><\/div>\n\n